Supply Chains and Store Operations of Oil Companies

Supply Chains and Store Operations of cover CompaniesIntroductionRecently, the Iraq War and the War on Terror contract caused some surges for the energy industry vegetable fossil inunct prices postulate been heavily fluctuated. Ironically, the solid performance in overall fossil cover industry suggests that oil companies be heading with decent momentum.The surge in oil prices, from $10 a barrel in 1998 to above $50 in early 2005, has prompted chew up of a spick-and-span era of sustained melloweder prices. Even so, an unusually loud chorus is now joining Messrs OReilly and C guardz, pointing to intriguing evidence of a new price floor of $30 or perhaps even $40. To see which camp is right, two questions need answering why did the oil price billow? And what could keep it elevated?1The energy industry has experienced the tumultuous era domestically and internationalisticly. This paper will apply STEEP and Porters louvre forces to determine competitive strategies in order to respond to two questions why did the oil price soar, and what could keep it high?Porters Five Forces1. talk terms power of suppliersThe oil companies bring forth exposed to price fluctuation risk. Additionally, property ex metamorphose risks have increased the cost of capital and worsen the debt ratio in the oil industry. As a result, oil companies might enter into long-term sales contracts for the oil and gas suppliers and establish long-term hedging agreements to protect against currency volatility.2 However, the question is whether the industry has succeeded in finding its way to organize alliances between oil suppliers and oil producers. Although bringing follow up the costs of developments through common practices has already been established, the achievement breaks down some barriers which have existed between oil companies and their contractors for much(prenominal) a long time.Additionally, the lucre from oil reservoirs have caused political turmoil in Venezuela and the Middle East region. OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum of Exporting Countries) is confident to defend its stated high price policy at any costs. Further more than, high-sky oil prices have been helped by the strong demand from China. Coupling with these events is the sharp downturn of the U.S. dollars. Thus, the global downstream market has undergone pressure the oil industry has high power of suppliers.2. terror of Substitute ProductsHigh gasoline prices drive efforts to increase ethanol consumption and ethanol related products. Additionally, propane, methanol, natural gas and especially ethanol are or so widely uses gasoline-alternatives. Besides, electricity, hydrogen and palm oil become among substitute fuels which car producers and chemical companies are developing.Europeans cut their dependence on oil suppliers by displacement to substitutes, such as coal, nuclear power, and natural gas. Nevertheless, the Euro currency now appreciates against U.S. Dollars. Since Europ eans usually purchase oil in U.S. currency, their profit margins become narrowed. The fuel prices are so high that it would take a quick drop to make ethanol unprofitable and stunt the growth of its use.On the other hand, gasoline prices at high record potful help biotech companies achieve a breakthrough in reducing cost of ethanol. It might take a few years in the beginning reasonable prices for ethanol could be commercially available, and cheaper ethanol might not take much of a dent in gas price. Thus at this time the threat of substitutes is low for the industry.3. Bargaining power of buyersAs mentioned, gasoline at this time does not have many alternatives although many nations have essay to reduce dependences on oil suppliers. However, these substitutes also require suitably designed devices, which might cause higher cost of finished goods. As a result, in the mean time, the cost incentives will discourage the purchasing power.The oil industry is defined as a basic commodity . The outlook for the energy industry is inclined high commodity prices, high growing demand, and lack of alternatives to oil as the primary transportation fuels. The oil industry has efficiently squeezed from operating(a) assets, such as untapped resources and refineries. The growth of oil price will lead to increase transportation and energy in price, driven by market forces inflamed by infrastructure shortage.Despites of many impacts, oil industry has low bargaining power of buyers due to a few substitutes.4. Threat of New EntrantsThe oil industry requires more financial investment for reservoir allocation. Many major oil companies have fended off the advances of these unbranded foes. However, the upstarts have inroads with marketing strategies. One of the criteria is to focus on brining down drilling costs to keep the pace of activity. A combination of high oil price and uncertainty of oil price might bring closely several governing reviews of energy sector. Thus, this will have a marked impact on exploration operation in oil industry. They have utilize different strategies from those of the past, enjoyed superior returns and captured value from the integrated giants.Thirty years ago oil companies were primary operators of service stations, enjoying exclusivity in the gasoline market. Now, many factors have unite to put pressure on margins. The consumers ties to the stations, operated by major oil companies, have been weakened. The convenience stores have begun selling gasoline and provided new services. But, major oil companies have not yet considered these retailers as a major threat. They still view these unbranded offering as inferior in terms of quality and consumer appeal.However, since the rock oil industry merged, consumer attitudes and the impacts on the brand choice have been changed. Unfortunately, those factors now stay largely inside the stores, not with the major oil companies. The drivers of brand choice have evolved, especially when t he new consumers define brand value these upstart marketers have already developed the systems and formed to stay abreast of these major oil companies. The up fightd(a) trend in convenience store sales will lead to higher profit margins.In short, the threats of new entrants are increasing in oil industry.5. Intensity of competitive rivalry oil colour crisis during the end of the 1990s help oil investors and executives understand what conditions are driving this vagabond of mergers. Foremost is the chronic gourmandize of oil that has driven crude prices to near-historic lows. or so of the oversupply are derived from flattening demand in mature markets and economic difficulties in many emerging markets.In upstart deals such as British Petroleum (BP) and Amoco, Total and Petrofina, Exxon and Mobil, and currently BP/Amoco and ARCO, the stated goal has had a familiar refrain to increase profits by dramatically cutting costs, reducing inefficiencies, and expanding geographically.3Dur ing early the 1990s, major companies have to fight back and watch their market shares for gasoline reduce at the hands of the upstarts. In growth to the majors, in 1997 alone, an increasing number of c-store acquisitions by Amerada Hess, MAPCO Express, and FINA, to name a few, were announced. In Atlanta, Amoco, BP, and Texaco have begun to battle aggressively to maintain market share and repulse QuikTrip and RaceTrac.4 As a result, these competitors are aggressively selecting choice properties and investing in facilities. They are also pursuing and pushing programs to increase profit margins for their branded dealers. If a background signal of growing global economy becomes uncertainty, investors in oil industry get jittery.As of July 26, 2005, in a report published last week, Merrill Lynch Co. tell the aggregate net income of the 70 largest companies in the sector is expected to rise 26% this year to $230 billion, on sales of $2.57 trillion, up nearly 10%. The reasons high oil prices and fat refining margins, plus a pickup in oil-field services, particularly in rates for drilling rigs.5The increased competitiveness of major oil companies can be observed in their willingness to see joint ventures or any other alliances to reduce their operating, refining and marketing costs. Furthermore, under aggressive competition, major oil companies continue to decoupling their value range of mountainss, breaking explorations and production. Merge and acquisition as well as marketing into separating different business units help reinforce efficiency and compete as standalone entities.The intensity of competitive rivalry is high in oil industry.STEEP (Societal, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Political)1. SocietalIt seems that the Iraq war has resulted extra expenses for multinational corporations, especially oil companies. Yesterday, high-profile companies, such as BP, Shell, HSBC, Barclays and British Airways, either raised or maintained their security leve ls, and all remained on high alert.6 Together with calling for strengthening co-operation on combating terrorism, the oil giant is on the alarm mode to fight against terrorism, enhancing regional and international co-operation.There has been a board-level group devoted to health, safety and the environment at oil companies since the early 1990s. Potential environmental hazards could do long-term damage to oil companies image. This includes tracking issues ranging from headline grabbing ones, such as oil spills, to local exclusively insidious problems, such as leakage from tanks on the forecourts of petrol stations.2. TechnologicalEfficient operations depend on the integration of technology throughout the operating activities. For years, technology has become a required tool for effectively managing the customer interface. According to National Petroleum News Market Facts, in 1992 the first wave of pay-at-the-pump technology was a key driver in increasing gallons of gasoline sales b y 20%.7Companies invest in technology to improve change in concession terms, reduce costs and increase efficiency.Before-We estimate average reservoir onerousness of 90 ft. Because we do not have an explicit amount of the uncertainty in this estimate, we tend to ignore its uncertainty and implicitly assume that 90 ft is simply right.After-We estimate average reservoir thickness of 100 ft. In addition, the technology tells us that we are 80% certain that thickness is 80-110 ft.8Furthermore, technology helps improve supply chain and integrate screen applications for in-store and island construe equipments. The automated replenishment system can ensure its own invoices from which its can pay vendors, and also ensure fewer out of stocks situations and accounting defaults. Additionally, the chain uses unlike monitoring to make more informed decisions about fuel replenishment. Technology can provide valuable sale information that can be enforced to understand consumers and improve se rvices.3. EconomicThe free market will adjust in accordance with the demand and supply law. crude demand not lone(prenominal) is fragile, further also is surprisingly strong in spite of weak world economy. The transition to a global economy has been taken place during the international economic trend and arising nationalism. The slower economic growth will depress the demand for oil and oil related products worldwide.Large oil consuming nations, such as China, the United States, should cultivate a common understanding in society on the changing aspects of global economy. Politics, wars, and economic setbacks for several years have impacted on the oil industry with the inescapable conclusion that one has to deal with the ramifications of issues before initiating the development of a new oil sector.4. EcologicalOil companies have tried to create more environmentally sensitive sources of energy. Their basic tasks are still to stick holes in the ground in search of hydrocarbons. BP recently spent nearly $4 billion building a huge pipeline stretching from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. In addition, it also asked a leading environmental group, the World Wildlife Federation, to act as an environmental consultant on the project. 9Oil companies have established steps in their strategies to enhance competitiveness and develop a strong trademark in anticipation of the world environmental images. Business has treated the reduction of carbon emissions and the development of energy policies as a practiced issue, such as greenhouse gas emissions.When the prices are down, oil producers cannot afford to expand facilities and thus hardly meet the demand when oil prices are up. Some people blame oil companies for not having any new refineries built in the past three decades as their current facilities operate at 88 percent capacity.10 Additionally, environmentalists block the tapping domestic resources. However, there is still a ton of oil in the world, a huge amount in Siberia and Alaska due to the tundra, but for a foreseeable future, the way oil can be extracted from earth are far different from the early 20th century images, depicting rows of jackstones and derricks around towns, and destroying surrounding environment.Oil industry is proactively and socially responsible for operations in an ethical and environmental friendly manner. Thus, overall business strategies for oil companies are considered as an integral part of new cultures and territories. Oil companies are aware of the relationship between socially responsible investment and their green reputation, linked to their convinced(p) impacts on societies where they operate.5. PoliticalIn order to combat government to increase offshore activities, the oil industry has considered a new light and proved to be less flattering than the common view of any industry. The pace of new field development in the UK will be sharply reduced if the government applies policies to save jobs in the coa l mines by restricting the construction of new gas-fired power stations.Politics has ceded to economics and confronted to cooperation at the new realism of oil producers and consumers. However, oil and politics are still a potentially combustible mixture. The fact that the British and U.S. governments have been involved with the Iraq War has proved how oil industry can be intertwined with political concerns.OPEC might no longer be the bogey man with the West once so feared. Oil always, as essential, becomes the most politicized residential area in the world. There will undoubtedly be some future oil shocks, although it is difficult to known the time and directions which these oil shocks will come.11ConclusionOil companies should strategize that they no longer operate as manufacturing companies, but focus on up their supply chains and store operations. Additionally, they should be willing to implement process of upstarts. They also need to refine their brand positioning and marketin g strategies to be better target consumers. Although some major oil companies have been merged and acquired, the war has not yet been over. The big integrated players start with several advantages, if they could commit to reinvent themselves. One can envision the purchase of a non-gasoline retail chain in order to capture new skills and new profits.With high entry barriers and low substitutes, oil industry has posted as an affluent, luxurious and profitable industry. As a result, the oil price keeps fluctuated under the pressure of the supply and demand law as well as the political influences.BibliographyBhushan, B. 2005, Oil Profits may Be Peaking High Energy Prices Drive Earnings, but Some See Turn in 2006, besiege Street journal.(Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.p.A.2. 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